In a dramatic early morning vote on May 22, 2025, House Speaker Mike Johnson, backed by President Donald Trump, secured a narrow 215-214 victory to pass the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act,” a cornerstone of Trump’s domestic agenda. The legislation, advancing tax cuts, border security, and spending reductions, overcame fierce internal GOP divisions through intense negotiations and last-minute concessions.
Despite opposition from two Republicans and all Democrats, the bill’s passage marks a significant win for Trump’s campaign promises. As it heads to the Senate, where changes are expected, the bill’s journey reflects the delicate balance of a razor-thin GOP majority.
Key Provisions of the Legislation
The bill fulfills Trump’s pledges, extending the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, eliminating taxes on tips and overtime, and raising the state and local tax (SALT) deduction cap to $40,000 for incomes under $500,000. It allocates billions for border security and military expansion while cutting $1.5 trillion from programs like Medicaid and SNAP through measures like accelerated work requirements by 2026.
The package also phases out Biden-era clean energy tax credits and includes a $4 trillion debt ceiling increase. These changes aim to reshape federal priorities but have sparked concerns about deficits and reduced healthcare access.
Overcoming GOP Resistance
The bill’s passage was no easy feat. Conservative holdouts, including Reps. Chip Roy and Ralph Norman, initially blocked progress, demanding deeper spending cuts. Moderates, particularly from high-tax states, pushed for higher SALT deductions. Trump’s personal appeals, including a Capitol Hill visit and White House meetings, were pivotal in swaying skeptics.
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Johnson’s team negotiated tirelessly, incorporating revisions like faster Medicaid work requirements to secure votes. Despite dissent from Reps. Thomas Massie and Warren Davidson, the bill advanced, showcasing Johnson’s leadership and Trump’s influence. The Senate now faces pressure to align with the House’s vision by July 4.
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